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IPA
The symbol
from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in phonetic transcriptions in
modern dictionaries for English learners
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PRIMARY
WORD STRESS
the
stronger degree of stress is called 'primary'.
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SECONDARY
WORD
is the weaker of two degrees of stress
in the pronunciation
of a word; The symbol for secondary stress is a short vertical line
preceding and at the foot of the stressed syllable:
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in·to·na·tion
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PHONOLOGY
study of the sound systems in
language
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SUPRASEGMENTAL
FEATURES
The
characteristics of supra-segmental of speech: speech sounds
may also have length, intonation, tone, and stress.
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ENGLISH SOUND SYSTEM
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diph·thong
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RHYTHM
1.A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.
2.The systematic arrangement of musical sounds, principally
according to duration and periodic stress.
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SENTENCE STRESS
where word stress is the accent on one syllable in a word, sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence. Often considered to be the "rhythm" of English. Sentences - two types of words • Content words – the main words of a sentence that have sense or meaning • Structure words – these are small, simple, not very important words that make the sentence grammatically correct |
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DISCOURSE
AND SPEECH PRODUCTION
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Interaction
Mutual
or reciprocal action or influence
The
act or process of interacting
communication
of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or
communication among groups,
organizations,
nations or states: trade, migration, foreign relations,
transportation,
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Communication
1.sharing of ideas or feelings with others.”
2.Communication takes
places when one person transmits information and understanding to another
person.
3.The basic elements of communication process include
communicator, communicatee, message, channel and feedback.
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Social
Conventions
language
is a social practice. It is, at a deep if not the deepest level, a
structure of social conventions, and in that sense thoroughly conventional
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Language forms and
Functions
the use to which language is put, the purpose
of an utterance rather than the particular grammatical form an utterance
takes
the instructional focus becomes less about form
and more about the meaning of an utterance.
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Registers
variety
of a language
used for a particular purpose or
particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal
setting an English
speaker may be more likely to adhere more closely to prescribed grammar,
pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar
nasal instead of an alveolar nasal
(e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choose more formal
words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid,
etc.), and refrain from using the word ain't,
than when speaking in an informal setting.
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Non-Verbal Language
Uusually
understood as the process of communication
through sending and receiving
wordless (mostly visual)
messages between people and can be communicated through gestures
and touch, body
language or posture, facial expression
and eye
contact.and also through
material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts(such as clothing,
hairstyles or architecture)
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Verbal Language
The basis of communication is
the interaction between people and one way for people to communicate
face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are
sound, words, speaking, and language.
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Roles
and Attitudes
Speakers
vary their speech depending on an addressee and their attitudes toward the
addressee play some role in the direction and degree of the shift.
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Speech
acts
3.A particular intention in making
the utterance (illocutionary
force
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LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SKILLS
(The purpose for listening).
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sharing of ideas or feelings with
others There are seven elements of communication:
1.Source idea is the process by which one formulates an idea to communicate to another party 2.Message is what will be communicated to another party. It is based on the source idea, but the message is crafted to meet the needs of the audience. 3.Encoding is how the message is transmitted to another party. The message is converted into a suitable form for transmission. 4.Channel medium of the communication and must be able to transmit the message from one party to another without changing the content of the message. 5.Receiver is the party receiving the communication from the transmitter. 6.Decoding is the process where the message is interpreted for its content 7.Feedback is the final step in the communications process. This step conveys to the transmitter that the message is understood by the receiver |
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COMMUNICATION
IN
THE
CLASSROOM
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Asking questions
is a fundamental part of finding information and for subtle (and otherwise)
persuasion. Here are various pages on questioning:
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1.Information
on how the recipient actions are perceived by the provider or others who
have confided and lead to positive change for the recipient, and improve
the effectiveness
2.Feedback
in general may have a number of possible purposes:
i.To
help individuals in their personal development
ii.To
improve relationships between and among individuals and groups iii.To
improve communication between and among individuals and groups
iv.To
help individuals or groups improve their performance
v.To
improve the climate within an organization
vi.To
increase the effectiveness of an activity or initiative
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Provide corrective feedback
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Use of various questioning skills
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Use elements of communication
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www.antimoon.com/how/prounc/-soundsipa.htm
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http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASpeechAct.htm
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http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/referencematerials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatAreLanguageAttitudes.htmhttp://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/referencematerials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatAreLanguageAttitudes.htm
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